English: Ray diagram showing some effects of solar flares and CMEs (Coronal mass ejection, red raytraces) compared to a normal, quiet situation (blue raytrace). Electron densities are increased in all layers, as indicated by the darker colors compared to the other raytrace diagrams. This can cause increased D layer absorption (as indicated by duller red color for first red ray), unusual E layer refraction (next red ray) or total loss of signal due to enhanced D layer absorption (last red ray).